Fire extinguishers are critical tools in preventing small fires from turning into major disasters. However, knowing how to use them properly is just as important as having them available. Using a fire extinguisher incorrectly can be ineffective and even dangerous. This lesson covers the correct techniques for handling and operating fire extinguishers, ensuring that individuals can respond effectively in an emergency.
Understanding Fire Extinguisher Labels and Ratings
Fire extinguishers are labeled with letters and numbers that indicate the types of fires they can put out. These labels help users determine the correct extinguisher for a particular situation.
- Class A extinguishers are for fires involving ordinary combustibles like wood, paper, and cloth.
- Class B extinguishers handle flammable liquids such as gasoline, oil, and grease.
- Class C extinguishers are designed for electrical fires involving wiring, circuit breakers, and appliances.
- Class D extinguishers are used for fires involving combustible metals like magnesium and aluminum.
- Class K extinguishers are meant for kitchen fires caused by cooking oils and fats.
Each extinguisher also has a number that indicates its effectiveness. For example, a 2A rating means it is twice as effective as a 1A extinguisher on Class A fires.
Steps for Using a Fire Extinguisher
To use a fire extinguisher effectively, it is essential to follow the PASS method:
Pull the Pin
Before using a fire extinguisher, the first step is to pull the safety pin located at the top of the device. This pin prevents accidental discharge and must be removed to activate the extinguisher. Pulling the pin also breaks the tamper seal, ensuring that the extinguisher is ready for use.
Aim at the Base of the Fire
Once the pin is removed, the next step is to aim the extinguisher nozzle or hose at the base of the fire. This is crucial because fires continue burning due to their fuel source. If the extinguishing agent is aimed at the flames instead of the base, it will not effectively stop the fire from spreading.
Squeeze the Handle
With the nozzle properly aimed, the handle or trigger must be squeezed to release the extinguishing agent. The user should apply steady pressure, ensuring a controlled discharge. Releasing the handle will stop the flow of the extinguishing substance.
Sweep from Side to Side
While maintaining pressure on the handle, the user should sweep the extinguisher from side to side at the base of the fire. This motion ensures that all burning material is covered and helps prevent re-ignition. The user should continue sweeping until the fire appears to be completely out.
Safety Considerations When Using a Fire Extinguisher
Even when using the correct technique, certain safety precautions must be followed to ensure the user's protection and the effectiveness of the extinguisher.
Evaluate the Fire Size and Your Escape Route
Before using a fire extinguisher, the user must determine whether the fire is manageable. A small, contained fire in its early stages can often be put out with an extinguisher. However, if the fire is spreading rapidly or producing thick smoke, evacuation is the safest option. Additionally, the user should always position themselves with an escape route behind them to avoid being trapped if the fire grows.
Use the Right Type of Extinguisher
Using the wrong extinguisher on a fire can make the situation worse. For example, using a water extinguisher on an electrical fire can cause electrocution, and using the wrong extinguisher on a grease fire can cause flames to spread. Ensuring the correct extinguisher type is used is critical for safety.
Maintain a Safe Distance
Most fire extinguishers have a range of 6 to 20 feet. The user should stand at a safe distance while aiming at the fire. If necessary, they can move closer as the fire diminishes but should always be prepared to retreat if the flames become uncontrollable.
Watch for Re-Ignition
Even after a fire appears to be out, there is a risk of re-ignition, especially with flammable liquids and electrical fires. The user should remain on-site and monitor the area for a few minutes to ensure that the fire does not start again. If any signs of smoke or heat persist, the extinguisher should be used again, or emergency services should be called.
Proper Fire Extinguisher Maintenance
Having a fire extinguisher available is not enough—it must be regularly maintained to ensure it functions correctly when needed. Workplace fire safety protocols should include extinguisher inspections and servicing.
Regular Inspections
Fire extinguishers should be inspected at least once a month. During an inspection, users should check:
- The pressure gauge to ensure it is within the recommended range.
- The safety pin to confirm it is intact and not tampered with.
- The hose and nozzle for any obstructions or damage.
- The expiration date to verify the extinguisher is still functional.
Annual Servicing
Professional servicing should be conducted annually to ensure that all extinguishers meet safety regulations. If an extinguisher is discharged, even partially, it must be recharged immediately by a certified technician.
Proper Storage
Fire extinguishers should be mounted in visible and easily accessible locations. They should never be blocked by furniture, equipment, or other obstacles. In workplaces, all employees should be trained on where extinguishers are located and how to use them.
When to Call Emergency Services
Although fire extinguishers can be effective in controlling small fires, they are not a replacement for emergency response teams. Firefighters should be called if:
- The fire is large, spreading, or producing thick smoke.
- There is any uncertainty about how to use the extinguisher properly.
- The fire extinguisher runs out, but the fire is not fully extinguished.
- The fire involves hazardous materials, chemicals, or explosive substances.
It is always better to evacuate and call for professional help rather than risk personal injury by trying to fight an uncontrollable fire.
Conclusion
Knowing how to use a fire extinguisher correctly can make the difference between containing a small fire and facing a dangerous emergency. The PASS technique—Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep—is the standard method for effectively using an extinguisher. However, safety precautions, such as maintaining an escape route, choosing the right extinguisher, and ensuring proper maintenance, are just as important. By understanding these techniques and preparing for emergencies, individuals can play a crucial role in workplace fire safety.
